DIABETIC MELLITUS

ABSTRACT

Diabetes Mellitus is a lifelong chronic disease there are millions of people affected by diabetes mellitus throughout the world. Diabetes Mellitus is caused by genetics and acquired deficiency caused by insulin production by the pancreas. It is the most dangerous and silent-killing disease mostly it affects other organs or organ systems and slowly it damages every system in the body. Diabetes Mellitus is the second-leading disease that causes blindness, mostly it affects the cardiovascular system, various kidney diseases, and retinal diseases. This article mostly focuses on the history, types, general symptoms, Risk factors, complications, and the role of diet and physical exercise.

INTRODUCTION

Diabetic Mellitus is known as Diabetes, it is a group of endocrine diseases characterized by high blood sugar levels. Diabetics may be caused by either the pancreas not producing enough insulin in the body (or) the cells becoming unresponsive to the insulin hormone’s effects. Diabetic is a prolonged disease, and it is considered a chronic illness. The diabetes will affect the patient for the rest of their lives due to the lack of a cure. Diabetes is non-curable, but medications can control it. Diabetes is caused due to an abnormal level of blood glucose level. Diabetes can damage your nervous system, visual system, kidneys and some other organs

HISTORY OF DIABETIC MELLITUS

According to history diabetes was first noticed in 1552 B.C in EGYPT by Dr. Hesyra. An Egyptian physician documents it as “FREQUENT URINATION” as a symptom of a mysterious disease that also causes thinness, usually because of illness or extreme hunger. Ancient healers noted that Ants seemed attracted to the urine of people with diabetes. In 150 AD, the Greek Physician Arateus described diabetes as “The melting down of flesh and limb into urine”. So, from then the physicians began research or studies about diabetes. Centuries later, people known as “Water Tasters” diagnosed diabetes by tasting the urine of people suspected of diabetes. If urine tasted sweet, diabetes was diagnosed. In 1675 the word “Mellitus” which means Honey was added to the name “Diabetes” which means Siphon. So, it became “Diabetes Mellitus”. But in the 1800s scientists developed chemical tests to detect the sugar levels in the urine.

EARLIER TREATMENT FOR DIABETIC MELLITUS

Earlier the physicians learned more about “Diabetic Mellitus”. They used to prescribe the “Horse Riding” exercise, which helps relieve excessive urination. In the 17th and 18th centuries, physicians began to realize that diet changes could help manage diabetes. So, the physicians advised their patients to eat only the fat and meat of animals(or) consume large amounts of sugar. In the 19th century, they led to the “Fad Diets”. Which also included the “Oat-cure” “potato therapy” and the “starvation Diet”.

TYPES OF DIABETIC MELLITUS

1. TYPE -1 Diabetes
2. 2. TYPE -2 Diabetes
3. 3. Gestational Diabetes
4. 4. Pre-Diabetes

TYPE-1 DIABETES

Type-1 diabetes mellitus is an auto-immune disease that destroys insulin production in Beta cells of the pancreas. Type-1 diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes and juvenile diabetes. It is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces less insulin Even doctors don’t know the exact reason for the cause of type-1 diabetes. In type-1 diabetes, the immune system attacks and destroys the pancreas’s insulin production. According to their family history, genes may play a major role in some people.

2.TYPE-2 DIABETES

Type-2 diabetes mellitus is known as “Adult-onset diabetes” and “Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus”. It is a chronic condition that affects the way the body processes blood sugar levels (glucose), it has high levels of sugars in the blood. Throughout the world, 5.7% of the population is affected by this type-2 diabetes mellitus

3. GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes affected during the pregnancy period is known as “Gestational diabetes”. Gestational diabetes is caused by huge quantities of hormones produced, so those hormones may reduce insulin action in the mother’s body causing insulin resistance. Gestational diabetes is diagnosed as asymptomatic type-2 diabetes with significant maternal and fetal morbidity. It occurs only during pregnancy without a previous history of diabetes. It will be resolved after the birth of the baby. It doesn’t have any symptoms. It may be detected during a routine sugar levels test (or) oral glucose tolerance test. Usually, it’s performers between the 24th and 28th week of gestation (pregnancy).

4. PRE-DIABETES MELLITUS

Pre-diabetes is caused when the blood sugar level is abnormal (higher than normal level). Pre-diabetes is also known as “BORDERLINE DIABETES” Pre-diabetes patients will become Type-2 diabetes patients Pre-diabetes patients will have Gestational diabetes. Sometimes the babies born during gestational diabetes will become type-2 diabetes patients. Pre-diabetes will cause organ damage for a long-term period. Mostly, it affects the Heart, eyes, and Kidneys.

OTHER TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

1. DOUBLE DIABETES

2. BRITTLE DIABETES

3. DIABETES INSIPIDUS

4. DIABETES LADA

5. DIABETES MODY

6. NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS

7. MIXED PATHOLOGICAL IN TYPE-1 DM WITH OBESITY AND INSULIN RESISTANCE

DOUBLE DIABETES MELLITUS

Double diabetes is caused by the occurrence of hyperglycemia in children and young adults with the combination of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes mellitus.

2. BRITTLE DIABETES

Brittle diabetes is also known as “LABILE DIABETES”. Brittle diabetes is a term used to describe the hard-to-control diabetes. It is a type-1 diabetes mellitus intrinsically unstable condition. Patients with type-1 diabetes, mainly women suffer a lot chronically due to a lack of metabolic control. It is caused by a severe instability of glycemia and unpredictable hypoglycemia (or) due to diabetic ketoacidosis episodes.

3. DIABETES INSIDIOUS

Diabetes insipidus is caused by due to chemicals called “Vasopressin” (AVP), also known as “Antidiuretic hormones (ADH). Vasopressin is produced in the “Hypothalamus” and stored in the “pituitary gland” until the body needs it. The hypothalamus is an area of the brain that controls “mood” and “appetite”. Diabetes insipidus causes the imbalance of the fluids in the body leading to an excess amount of urine. It makes the feeling of being very thirsty even after having water.

4. DIABETES LADA

Diabetes (LADA) is “Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the adults”. It is autoimmune diabetes defined by the adult onset this diabetes is associated with autoantibodies. Diabetes LADA is also called 1.5 type diabetes. In LADA diabetes patients the beta cells stop functioning in the pancreas. It has 2 types: type-1 and type-2 Type-2 diabetes of LADA dependent on insulin people may have a slow progress from type-1 diabetes (or) LADA.

5. DIABETES MODY

Diabetes (MODY) is defined as “Maturing Onset Diabetes of the Young. A mutation in a single gene causes diabetes MODY. If parents have this gene mutation, any child has a 50% chance of inheriting it. If the child inherits the mutation they will generally develop MODY before they become 25 years old.

6. NEONATAL DIABETES MELLITUS

Neonatal diabetes mellitus is caused by a gene change affecting insulin production. The glucose in the body will rise very high. It will be diagnosed when we find elevated levels of glucose in the infant’s blood or urine sample. It affects the first 6 months after birth. It defects the birth, heart, brain, and spine called neural tube defects, or NTDs.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES

1. Frequent Urination.

2. Sores that don’t heal.

3. Weight loss.

4. Extreme Fatigue.

5. Increases Thirst.

6. Increases Hunger.

7. Blurry vision

8. Never damage.

9. Kidney damage.

10. Increases risk of “Heart Disease”, “Vascular Disease”, and “Stroke

SOME OTHER SYMPTOMS THAT MAY OCCUR

SYMPTOMS IN MEN

1. Poor muscle strength.

2. Erectile dysfunction.

3. Decreased sex drive.

4. Production of low testosterone.

SYMPTOMS IN WOMEN

1. Dry skin.

2. Itehy skin.

3. Vaginal dryness.

4. Vaginal Yeast Infection.

5. Urinary Track Infection (UTIs).

RISK FACTORS FOR DIABETES

TYPE-1 DIABETES

Genes that are linked to the diseases. If a child or teenager your parents or siblings are diabetic conditions.

TYPE-2 DIABETES

1. Overweight.

2. Physically inactive.

3. High blood pressure.

4. Increase in Cholesterol levels.

5. Increase the production of lipids (triglycerides) in the blood.

6. May have prediabetes and gestational diabetes.

TYPE-1.5 DIABETES

1. Found in adults.
2. 2. Unnecessarily overweight.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

1. Overweight.

2. Family history of type-2 diabetes.

3. May of them have “POLYCYSTIC SYNDROME”.

4. It is caused during a past pregnancy.

5. The baby is born overweight nearly a pound(4kgs).

PRE-DIABETES

1. High Cholesterol.

2. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

3. Obstructive Sleep apnea.

COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES

High blood glucose levels damage the tissues and organs in the body.

SOME OF THE COMPLICATIONS THOSE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETIC MELLITUS

Heart and Blood vessel Disease (Cardiovascular-Disease)

Diabetes mainly increases the risk of many heart problems such as ●Coronary Artery Disease along with Chest pain (Angina).

●Heart Attack

●Atherosclerosis (Narrowing the arteries)

Diabetic Neuropathy (Nerve damage due to diabetes)

High glucose levels can damage the capillaries (tiny blood vessels) that nourish the nerve, mainly in the legs. This can cause

●Tingling

●Numbness

●Burnings

●Pains at the tip of fingers and toes

●Problems with Nause, Vomiting, Diarrhea, and Constipation

Diabetic Nephropathy (Kidney damage due to Diabetes)

The kidney consists of millions of small blood vessel clusters known as Glomeruli. It can damage this delicate filtering system in the kidneys.

Diabetic Retinopathy (Eye damage due to diabetes)

The blood vessels of the eye are damaged because of the high blood sugar levels. Sometimes it may lead to blindness (or) Blurry vision.

Skin and Mouth Conditions:

These include bacterial and fungal infections. Hearing Problems: Hearing problems are most common in people with diabetes.

Foot Damages:

The foot damage is caused due to the damage of nerve cells in the foot (or) due to poor blood flow to the foot area. It may lead to more foot complications.

Dementia

It is caused by type-2 diabetes sometimes it may lead to Alzheimer’s disease.

Complications of Gestational Diabetes

Most of the women who have gestational diabetes will give birth to healthy babies.

Complications in Babies Because of Gestational Diabetes

Overweight

In these conditions, more glucose triggers the baby’s pancreas to produce more insulin. This causes the baby to grow too large. It may lead to difficulty in baby birth. Sometimes it is needed for C-sections.

Low Blood Sugar(glucose) levels

Babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar(Hyperglycemia). They have their insulin production high shortly after the baby’s birth.

Death

Untreated or uncontrolled gestational diabetes leads to a baby’s death shortly after the baby’s birth.

Lateral Effects

Gestational diabetes has a high risk of developing obesity and type-2 diabetes later in life.

ROLE OF DIET

A healthy diet and lifestyle play a key role in preventing the risk factors of diabetes.

Type-1 and 1.5 Diabetes

The blood sugar levels rise and fall depending on the daily diet. Food with more sugar levels rapidly than fats and proteins gradually leads to overweight. The doctors will recommend having a limit of carbohydrates per day and suggest maintaining the balance of carbohydrates along with the daily insulin dose.

Type-2 Diabetes

Eating healthy food can manage blood sugar levels and help to lose weight. The count of carbohydrates plays a major role in type-2 diabetes. By eating the

●Fruits

●Vegetables

●Grains

●Proteins such as Eggs, Meat and Fish.

●Fats such as Olive oil and Nuts.

Gestational Diabetes

A well-balanced diet is important for mothers and Babies during these 9 months. Need to maintain the

●Perfect portion size

●Limited amount of sugars and salts in food.

●Sugars help in feeding a growing baby.

PHYSICAL EXERCISE TO PREVENT DIABETES

Treatment, Diet, and exercise play an essential role in diabetes management. Activeness helps cells react to insulin more effectively and maintains normal blood sugar levels.

People with type-1 and 2 diabetes need at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical exercise weekly. Currently, there is no particular exercise for gestational diabetic patients.

Exercise

●Walking

●Dancing

●Swimming

●Cycling

ADVANTAGES OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE FOR DIABETIC PATIENTS

It helps to reach and maintain a healthy weight. Reduce the risk of diabetes which is related to health complications